At an Arctic Council meeting in Rovaniemi, Finland, in May 2019, Mike Pompeo asked whether the world wanted the Arctic Ocean to become another South China Sea. Many Arctic specialists regarded the comparison as overwrought. China's visible presence amounted to one working icebreaker, a second still fitting out, and a research station on Svalbard. The idea of an impending Chinese challenge seemed premature, if not faintly ridiculous.